Adam Czerniakow

Introduction Scholars may only rely on Adam Czerniakow’s Warsaw diary if they combine findings from the source with other materials on Nazi Germany. The diary is a vital source of information, but it brings with it the biases, fears and the limitations of the author. To overcome those biases, scholars must use information from other sources in order fill in missing details as well as to extract meaning from the tests.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Adam Czerniakow specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Usefulness of the diary as a primary source Adam Czerniakow was a renowned Jewish leader. He held many positions in his professional as well as his civic life. This means that everything he wrote was in a way related to his leadership responsibilities. A scholar who is interested in learning about the Nazi regime would find his entries quite useful because they were written from a communal, not a personal perspec tive. Since he was at the centre of the Jewish Council of elders in the ghettos, he was in touch with new developments in his community. One should note that the Nazi regime ousted Jews from their homes and placed them in ghettos. In order to speed up the execution of their commands, they appointed a council of elders, of which Czerniakow was a part. Many analysts assert that the Nazi government absolved themselves from blame by pointing fingers at the Judenrat (Jewish council). However, that this was mere propaganda: Czerniakow and other members of the Judenrat were committed to the freedom and rights of their people. Other opposing groups such as the Thirteen arose in Czerniakow’s jurisdiction. And as he states in his 25th February entry, he despised this group’s leader (Abraham Gancwajch). [1] Perhaps this is one of the influences that scholars ought to think about when using Czerniakow’s diary as a primary source. Given the fact that the ghetto was disunited , it is likely that Czerniakow wanted to paint his opponents in a negative light in these entries. Another way one may look at his biases is with regard to his associations with the Nazi officials. Since he was the president of the Jewish Council, his position was like that of major. As such, he had to interact with the Nazis more than others. Adam was in a very difficult position; as a president of the Jewish Council he could not oppose or fight against the Nazi regime directly. On the other hand, as a community head, he needed to demonstrate strong political leadership, which could entail direct confrontations with the Nazis. These divided tensions may have caused him to refrain from talking about Nazi deficiencies. One can thus understand why his diary contains very little information about the wickedness of that empire.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The government Commissioner in the ghetto needed to act cordially towards Czerniakow since he was quite powerful in the Jewish community. He may have feared the reactions of such a man if he knew all their secrets. In one instance, the Ghetto commissioner went to discuss critical matters at the Nazi headquarters. He did not inform Adam about this development, and it was only later when they announced that they would execute massive resettlements on 19th January 1942.[2] The Nazis deliberately hid information from Adam thus making his entries incomplete. It is imperative to support his assertions with diaries or letters from other unofficial Jews because they probably saw things from a different light. Adam’s limited knowledge is quite evident when one reads the entry he made on 20th July 1942. At the time, he heard rumors that some deportation would take place on that day. Czerniakow stayed in denial about this for a whole day. One can thus deduce that Czerniakow’s had limited knowledge. If one want s to find out about the organization of the execution orders or their initiation, then one should consider getting primary sources from the other side. Jewish recordings of the Holocaust were limited to their personal experiences. The government controlled and manipulated media sources such that the Jews and non Jews could only hear what the government wanted them to hear. Consequently, one cannot solely rely on their perspective for information about the organization of their execution. Fears of the Nazis’ reaction to the diary may also have altered Czerniakow’s entries tremendously. He knew that the ruthless leaders could confiscate his diary and use it against him. If he wrote anti-Nazi remarks about them, or talked about a plan for rescuing his people, then the government officials would have killed him. What’s worse, the entries might have endangered his family’s life. This was the reason why he could not get too graphic about the many evils committe d by the Third Reich. The use of a diary as a primary source for historical analyses always creates a number of problems to the academician, and this is true for Czerniakow’s diary. First, one must tackle the problem of meaning-making. Statements are rarely straightforward; scholars should decide on what the author was trying to say especially in relation to the topic under analysis.[3] For example, when Adam wrote that it was raining on 11th June 1941, he adds that the rain did not come at any cost to them. A scholar may interpret this statement in a series of ways; one may assume that the Jews were quite used to the rain, so none of them stopped their usual activities because of it. Alternatively, one may presume that the rains destroyed people’s property in other towns, but when it poured in the Jewish community no such flooding took place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Adam Czerniakow specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One the other hand, one may deduce that the ghetto was highly underfunded, so the Jews had nothing to loose in the rain; they did not have much property or things to protect. Consequently, this may have left their economic fortunes unaltered. For one to make the latter deduction, one must have the ability to connect the word ‘cost’, as stated in the entry, to the economic status of the ghetto. One must look for additional information to better understand some of the statements in the diary, yet this information may not be available. If one does not know the context of the text, then one cannot use the diary accurately. For instance Adam mentioned several names of persons in the Council, the opposing camp as well as the Nazi regime. Unless one knew the names of all these persons, then one would not understand the significance of his entries. Conclusion The Czerniakow diary is a useful piece of information for studying Nazi Germany, but on its ow n, it is not sufficient. First, the author’s position as a community leader affected his ability to access information from the officials. He also had an agenda of playing down his opponents’ challenges. Additionally, the author had limited knowledge owing to Nazi communication controls. The writer’s fears concerning the confiscation of his diary may have changed his entries. Lastly, one can interpret his statements in multiple ways, and thus overlook certain things. It is only by combining the diary with other primary sources that one can get a full grasp of the Holocaust. Bibliography Dobson, Miriam, and Benjamin Ziemann. Reading primary sources: The interpretation of tests from nineteenth and 20th Century History. NY: Taylor and Francis, 2009. â€Å"The Warsaw diary of Adam Czerniakow.† Holocaustresearchproject.org. Last modified 2007. Web. Footnotes â€Å"The Warsaw diary of Adam Czerniakow.† Holocaustresearchproject.org, last modified 2007. à ¢â‚¬Å"The Warsaw diary of Adam Czerniakow.† Holocaustresearchproject.org, last modified 2007. Miriam Dobson and Benjamin Ziemann, Reading primary sources: The interpretation of tests from nineteenth and 20th Century History (NY: Taylor and Francis, 2009), 182. This essay on Adam Czerniakow was written and submitted by user Kaeden Christensen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Radio Essays - Radio Electronics, Broadcast Engineering, Free Essays

Radio Essays - Radio Electronics, Broadcast Engineering, Free Essays Radio HISTORY Towards the end of the 19th century scientists were attempting to send messages over distances without wires. They were not searching for a means of mass-communication, but simply exploring the possibility of using electromagnetic waves in order to communicate between two fixed points. There in no single inventor of radio, it came from several international developments. The pioneers of radio studied the work of a British physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who published his theory of electromagnetic waves in 1873. It was the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz who first generated such waves electrically. Although, the waves he came up with were unable to travel large distances. It was an Italian electrician and inventor Guglielmo Marconi who succeeded in developing both a suitable receiver and an improved spark oscillator, which was connected to an effective antenna to transmit radio waves over significant distances. In 1896 Marconi transmitted signals for a distance greater than 1.6 km. Within a year of his first demonstration he transmitted signals from shore to a ship at sea 29 km away. In 1899 he established commercial communication between England and France, and in 1901 he succeeded in sending a simple message across the Atlantic. This was still only wireless transmission of signals rather than wireless transmission of sound itself. On Christmas Eve in 1906 an American, Reginald Fessenden, managed to transmit speech and music over several hundred miles out to sea. Over the next few years other demonstrations followed in the United States, Britain, and Europe. The combination of continuous signals being sent out from transmitters and more sensitive receivers laid the technical basis for more wide-scale listening, but there was in the years still little appreciation of the mediums social possibilities. Radio was thought of private means of point-to-point communication, rather than public means of mass communication. The first significant users of radio coastal, marine, army, and intelligence services were, however, content with this approach. Both British and Germans using radio to communicate to naval forces from the outset, and governments commandeering all wireless stations, seemed to entrench this pattern. World War 1 also motivated technical research. In the interwar years, cinema and popular newspapers were already providing ever larger numbers of people with entertainment and information on a national scale. Individuals were being conceived in large numbers and this meant mass markets for all sorts of consumer goods. So when the early wireless amateurs demanded something to listen to, companies such as Marconi in Britain and the General Electric Company and Westinghouse in America were keen to produce radio receivers. The useful function involved in a radio is that you can tune your radio to a radio station by using the control knob on the radio. On a standard radio there are two bands you can switch to AM and FM. FM stands for frequency modulation, and AM stands for, amplitude modulation. The difference between the two bands are the way they are broadcasted. AM is being amplitude modulation the pitch of the radio waves are based on the amplitude of the wave. So for example the higher the amplitude the higher the pitch the radio will receive. As for FM because the waves arent based on the amplitude they are based on the frequency of the waves. So the more frequent the waves are the higher the pitch of the sound. A radio works by using an antenna, which intercepts part of the radio waves. A signal voltage across the coil induces a voltage in the coil, the frequency (AM, FM) is then chosen by the variable capacitor. The capacitor in my circuit is only tuned for AM. Then the frequency comes out of the capacitor and into the transistor, which you use to tune your radio to a station on that frequency. The average electrical power used is:

Finance 3000 5day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Finance 3000 5day - Essay Example This dissertation explores the various strategies, quality measurement methods, risk analysis, and quantitative methods used by investment managers. A comprehensive definition of hedge funds is also contained herein. Thereafter is a description of how they managers implement various strategies to gain profits, recover losses, avoid losses, as well as maintain an inflow of income. This dissertation also details various risk functions and how they are used to ensure that to predict the market’s reaction as well as results after certain possible events. Defining Hedge Funds A hedge fund is a privately owned and managed investment (Goldberg & Korajcsyk, 2010). Such a fund would invest in a wide range of elements. This would include various strategies, markets, and investment methods. Hedge funds provide the investor a means by which he/she can comfortably navigate market rules. However, the fund is not autonomous. The fund manager has to follow specific rules set aside for hedge f unds. Each country has specific rules that govern the hedge fund systems (Alexander, 2008). Hedge funds have a particularly characteristic of being open-ended. The investor has room to add to the investment or withdraw all together. This is unlike other custom funds that only allow specific times for addition and withdrawal (Chavas, 2004). Other funds also have specific categories within which they allow certain amounts of withdrawal or addition. The calculation of a hedge fund value involves the use of the asset value. Each fund has a specific net value. This value helps determine the share value of the fund. Hedge funds are like mutual funds for the rich. This is because for one to participate in hedge fund, the investor needs to meet certain requirements. They need to have a particular experience in investment and have to have certain net value. This locks out the commoner from engaging in hedge funds. Hedge funds are playground for sophisticated investors. Hedging is an investme nt method that reduces the risk while increasing return on investment. However, this is part truth. Modern day hedging makes use of several other strategies. Such strategies include aggressive growth, funds of funds, and market timing (Alexander, 2008a). There are many more strategies employed by hedge fund managers. One thing that is common among all hedge funds is specialization. Each hedge fund manager has his or her strength and weakness (Agarwal & Naik, 2005). It is obvious that one would have to rely mainly on their own strength. This means that a manager would apply his or her own expertise in managing the fund. This results in the fund having special characteristics. The managers are very professional and deliver on their promises. They perform their duties exemplarily thus being awarded the opportunity to manage such large sums of money. Investment Strategies used by Hedge funds Hedge funds employ several strategies. One of the main strategies involves aggressive growth. In this strategy, the manager would find equities expected to grow aggressively, and he/she would invest in them (Lerner, 1995). Aggressive growth is with respect to earnings per share. The P.E ratios for such equities are often high while the dividend are meager or not present at all. Small cap stocks often experience rapid growth. This is because they are often specialized into banking, technology, or biotechnology. The means for hedging in such a strategy are by shorting equities with poor projections. This type of strategy is highly volatile and

Extraction of plasmid DNA and set up of polymerase chain Reaction Coursework

Extraction of plasmid DNA and set up of polymerase chain Reaction (PCR) - Coursework Example g temperatures to different levels, the different steps of DNA replication, the separation of the double strand, the annealing of primers to the DNA single strands, and the activity of DNA polymerase are facilitated. The cycle of changing temperatures are repeated, producing many strands in the process. Of course, the DNA polymerase should be able to withstand these changes in temperature. The resulting amplified gene can subsequently be characterized, either through identification, measurement or expression. The information obtained from this can further be used to characterize the resulting protein product or the organism from which it was obtained. Due to the vast amount of processes PCR products can undergo, the technique has been the staple for laboratory diagnosis of diseases, bacteria and virus identification, crime scene investigations, and others. As can be seen, PCR follows and precedes many other molecular processes. In this experiment, plasmids from a transformed bacterial cell pellet were extracted to isolate the gene encoding for red fluorescent protein (RFP). After measuring the amount of DNA extracted, it was then prepared for PCR. Bacterial transformation, or insertion of gene of interest inside bacteria cells, is a viable strategy in not only housing the gene, but also amplifying the sequence. Thus, bacterial strains used for this purpose, such as E. coli DH5ÃŽ ±, JM109 and XL-1 Blue, are specialized not only to be able to imbibe the plasmids upon electric or chemical induction, but also to replicate the inserted genetic material during cell division (Yoshida and Sato, 2009). On the other hand, special plasmids, called vectors, are circular DNA used to accompany the gene inside the bacterial cell. It contains sequences for restriction enzymes, so that the vector circular configuration can be broken into two parts, through which the gene of interest can be inserted into, re-establishing the circular appearance of the vector. The vector also

Problem based learning activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Problem based learning activity - Essay Example In our initial meeting, we spoke about the locations of the schools. We discussed the education area of Lamar, the administration governing the schools and the number of schools in the region. From our research, we found out that Lamar city consists of five schools ;Primary School, Elementary School, Middle School, High School, and Lamar Career & Technical Center. We also discussed the history of the area. In this discussion, we talked about where people work in agriculture, ranches, and trading. We found out that the area is known for being the home of President Harry Truman. It is located about 292 miles west St. Louis in a beautiful agricultural land with 5.43 square miles area. The population of the area is approximately 4500 with 95% being whites while the rest are from different ethnicities; 0.7% African Americans, 0.3% Asians, 0.6% Native Americans. In our second meeting, we had an intention of creating a plan for improving weaknesses in the education system by collecting data on internal documents, exam results and curricula. This was important in helping us identify the subjects that needed improvement, making a three-year plan for professional development and offering solutions to the current problems. By studying the data for different subjects during the last three years and the effect on students’ comprehension, we could determine the current problems with the system. Moreover, the study would help us find a solution to solve the current problems. Comparing information from different areas was very beneficial in terms of identifying problems and making suggestions. In the third meeting, we discussed the results of our data research on the previous two meetings. We realized that half of the students in grades 3 to 8 had bad results in English. In mathematics, we identified that at least half of the students had good results. However, less than half of the students had good results

Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) Literature Review on Treatment

Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) Literature Review on Treatment INTRODUCTION Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a major health issue in the western world and is a significant burden on health care; Americans spend $37 billion annually with a further $19.8 billion lost in absenteeism [1]. There is 58% life time prevalence of back pain in the UK, a 22-65% 1-year prevalence and 6-7% of all adults have constant back problems [2]. Although CLBP is usually benign ( Modern (Verum) acupuncture originates in ancient Chinese philosophy which claims pain and disease manifest because of imbalances in bodies forces of Yin and Yang. It is believed these forces flow through specific courses (meridians) and can be manipulated using specific acupuncture points to regain the balance. Acupuncture has evolved from the traditional Chinese application and some styles incorporating adjuncts such as electrical stimulation of the acupuncture needle [4], A recent systematic review of articles published between 1966 and February 2003 [4] concluded that the efficacy of acupuncture on CLBP was inconclusive due to the low methodological quality of selected studies. They found acupuncture had some short-term improvements in pain and function compared to control or sham but due to low methodological quality they concluded a need for higher quality studies. This review updates that study [4] by including articles published after February 2003 or studies that were published prior but were of high relevance and methodological quality. The objective is to provide firm conclusions about the efficacy of acupuncture therapy for CLBP. METHODS Study Selection Criteria Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) available in English and available free of charge were included. Search Strategy In October 2009 the MEDLINE database (period 1950 to date) was searched for RCTs published after February 2003 and matching the search string Chronic low back pain AND acupuncture OR dry needling OR Sham OR Placebo AND randomised controlled trial OR randomized controlled trial. Further searches using PEDro, Web of Science (using ISI Web of Knowledge) and Cinahl (period 1982 to date) (see appendix A). Each articles reference list was also used as a source of relevant publications. Participants For inclusion the studies participants needed to be =18-years old with non-specific CLBP. Non-specific CLBP was defined as pain between the 12th costal margin and the inferior gluteal folds =12-weeks. If radiating leg pain was present this must be secondary to the lumbosacral region pain. RCTs that included participants with specific pathologies as the root cause of their CLBP, such as malignancy, prolapse of =1 inter-vertebral disc or spinal fracture were excluded. Interventions Studies that investigated the effects of traditional (Verum) acupuncture, trigger-point acupuncture and dry needling were reviewed. RCTs were included regardless of hand of electro-stimulation. Studies investigating non-needle based acupuncture, such as laser acupuncture, were excluded. Control interventions included sham, usual care, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) or conservative orthopaedic therapy. Outcome measures There are four outcome measures considered to be important when assessing CLBP Pain intensity (e.g. visual analogue scale (VAS-P), numerical rating scale (NRS-P)) A global measure (e.g. Overall improvement, proportional recovery of patients) A back specific functional status measure (e.g. Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)) Return to work (absenteeism, speed of return) RCTs must include =1 of the above. The primary outcomes were pain and function. Study selection A total of 544 studies were found through the searches with 17 potentially eligible RCTs identified. Of these 5 were excluded due to study duplication (n=1), sole inclusion of participants with specific CLBP (n=2) or use of non-needle based acupuncture (n=2). The remaining 12 articles were reviewed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) to determine their methodological quality. CASP enables the systematic review of an RCT for validity, design, execution and reasoning. Assessment criteria included randomization and allocation of participants, blinding of participants and assessors, identification of potential observer bias, participant numbers at RCT start and conclusion, presentation and accuracy of results, and any identified limitations. Results were recorded and documented (Appendix B). RCT commonalities: Participants were excluded: if they exhibited contraindications to acupuncture, had received acupuncture for their CLBP previously, previous spinal surgery, infectious spondylopathy, malignancy, congenital spine deformity, compression fracture due to osteoporosis or spinal stenosis. No differences in demographic variables or baseline levels of pain and disability were detected between the groups at baseline (P >0.05). Randomization was computer-generated with random number tables. All participants gave informed consent. Each RCT received ethical approval Usual care is defined as a combination of drugs, physiotherapy and exercise. RESULTS [5] 298 participants with CLBP =6-months randomised to 12 sessions of acupuncture (n=146) or sham acupuncture (n=73) over 8-weeks, administering therapists had =140 hours training and 3-years experience, with a third delayed acupuncture group (n=79) who received no acupuncture for the initial 8-weeks followed by the acupuncture groups protocol. Outcome measures were VAS-P and back function using the validated German Funktionsfragebogen Hannover-RÃ ¼cken (FFbH-R) questionnaire. At 8-weeks VAS-P decreased from baseline in all groups; after 26 and 52-weeks the acupuncture groups results were better than sham however differences were not significant. Results from the delayed acupuncture group followed the acupuncture groups pattern. The trial had good methodological quality: outcome measures were assessed independently with participants completing questionnaires, attrition was reasonable (18%) but the acupuncture group was double the size of the others which may have influenced results. [6] 638 participants with CLBP =3-months randomised to standard acupuncture (n=185), individualised acupuncture (n=157), sham acupuncture (n=162) or usual care (161) groups. Acupuncture groups received 10 treatments over 7-weeks by acupuncturists with =3 training. The Primary outcome measure was RMDQ. Compared to baseline all groups showed improved function and pain at 8-weeks. Mean values for RMDQ were consistent up to 52-weeks with the usual care group having greater dysfunction than all acupuncture groups (P=.001). There was no significant difference between real and sham acupuncture groups (P>0.05). All forms of acupuncture had beneficial and persisting effects over usual care for CLBP treatment with clinically meaningful functional improvements. There were no significant differences between acupuncture groups. Outcome measures were gathered by blinded telephone interviewers and attrition was low (6%) resulting in good trial internal validity [7] 1162 participants with CLBP =6-months randomised to 5-weeks of twice-weekly acupuncture (n=387) or sham acupuncture (n=387), performed by acupuncturists with =140 hours training. A third group received usual care (n=387). Outcome measures were Von Korff Chronic Pain Grade Scale (GCPS) and Hanover Functional Ability Questionnaire (HFAQ). Results were presented as a percentage of improvement in function and pain at 6-month follow-up. At 6-months both acupuncture groups had significant improvements in pain and function compared to baseline and usual treatment. There was no difference between acupuncture groups (p=0.39). The trial was methodologically strong with good internal validity: the control group was an active multimodal conventional therapy, had high power with stated calculation, follow-ups at 1.5, 3 and 6-months, low attrition (4%) and balanced dynamic randomisation. This was a good, highly relevant, large, rigorous trial. [8] 35 participants, =65-years, with CLBP =6-months randomised to 1 of 3 groups receiving 2 3-week phases of 30-minute acupuncture sessions, with a 3-week interval between. Group A (n=12) received standard acupuncture, Group B (n=10) superficial trigger-point acupuncture and Group C (n=13) deep trigger-point acupuncture. Outcome measures were VAS-P and RMDQ score. Group C showed a statistically significant VAS-P and RMDQ reductions from baseline after phase 1 with VAS-P reduction persisting over 12-weeks. There was no significant reduction in VAS-P or RMDQ for either other groups. The RCTs methods are described well however small sample size, high dropout (27%), short-term follow-up and potential bias limited internal validity [9] 26 participants, =65-years, with CLBP =6-months randomised to 2 groups. Over 12-weeks each group received 1 phase of trigger-point acupuncture and 1 phase of sham acupuncture with a 3-week break between. Group A (n=13) received trigger-point phase first followed by sham, Group B (n=13) vice-versa. Acupuncturist had =4-years training and =7-years clinical experience. Outcome measures were VAS-P and RMDQ score. After phase 1 Group A had significantly lower VAS-P (P [10] 60 participants with CLBP =6-months randomised them to 6-weeks of 30-minute weekly sessions of either acupuncture (n=30) or placebo TENS (n=30). No details of administering therapists were given. The primary outcome measure was VAS-P. Although acupuncture showed highly significant differences in all the outcome measures between pre- and post-treatment, the differences between the 2 groups were not statistically significant. Generally the RCT was poor: therapists were not blinded, high noncompliance (23.3%), cointerventions might have influenced results, the dropout rate was not explained and there was no intention-to-treat analysis. [11] 131 participants 18-65 years old with CLBP =6-months were randomised to groups receiving 20 30-minute sessions of traditional and auricular acupuncture (n=40), physiotherapy (n=46) or sham acupuncture and physiotherapy (n=45), over 12-weeks. Outcome measures were VAS-P and pain disability index (PDI). After 12-weeks of treatment the acupuncture group showed significantly reduced pain and disability compared to the physiotherapy group but not compared to the sham group. At 9-months the acupuncture group was more effective than physiotherapy in reducing disability only and not different to sham. The trial was methodologically strong but short-term dropout was 24% and long-term 37%. The treatment scheduled was five-a-week for 2-weeks then weekly for 10-weeks which may not be clinically practical. [12] 55 participants =60 yrs, with CLBP =12-weeks were randomised to 2-weeks of twice-weekly acupuncture and electrical stimulation alongside usual care (n=31) or usual care alone (n=24). Primary outcome was RMDQ. At 6-weeks results indicate clinically and statistically significant improvements in the acupuncture group for pain and disability compared to control. Effects remained and only diminished slightly at 9-weeks follow-up. The trial was methodologically strong: balanced randomisation, clear methods, low attrition (14%). Participant inclusion criteria included prior imaging limiting generalisability. [13] 186 participants aged between 20 and 60 with CLBP =6-week were randomised to 4-weeks of usual care alone (n=60) or with either acupuncture (n=65) or sham acupuncture (n=61). Acupuncturists were experienced doctors trained in Beijing. Primary outcome measure was VAS-P. Immediately after treatment 65% of the acupuncture group reported a =50% reduction in VAS-P compared to 34% of the sham group and 43% of the usual care group. At 3-months 79% of the acupuncture group, 29% of the sham group and 14% of the usual care group reported a =50% VAS-P reduction. Methodological quality was high: balanced (stratified) randomisation and excellently described methods however there was 30% attrition at 3-month follow-up and data collection was from general practitioners leading to potential performance bias. [14] 241 participants, aged 18-65, with CLBP for 4 to 52-weeks were randomised to 10 sessions of acupuncture (n=160) or to usual care (n=81) over 3-months. Acupuncturists were training for =3-years and =12.8-years clinical practice. Outcome measures were SF-36 pain scores and Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire (ODI) taken at baseline, 3, 12 and 24-months. A power calculation stated a required 100 participants per group to detect a 10-point difference on SF-36 (90% power and 5% significance level). A 5 point difference in SF-36 was deemed significant. The number of participants in the acupuncture group was increased to 160 to allow for between-acupuncturist effect, usual care group decreased to 80 participants without power loss. Results were presented as point differences between randomisation, 12 and 24-months. At 12-months a 5.6 point intervention effect difference in SF-36 pain was found and 8 point at 24-months. No treatment effect was found for any other dimension o f SF-36 or ODI. Participants were representative of UK population, randomisation was balanced, methods were thoroughly documented and acupuncture treatments were individualised resulting in high methodological quality and generalisability. However 25% of participants were unaccounted for at conclusion reducing internal validity. [15] 11630 participants with CLBP =6-months were allocated to three groups. Group A were received 15 individualised acupuncture sessions with usual care as needed (n=1549). Group B received delayed acupuncture with usual care as needed (n=1544). Group C declined to be randomised but received 15 individualised acupuncture sessions with usual care (n=8004). Treatment was over 3-months. Outcome measures were FFbH-R and SF-36 pain scores. At 6-months the acupuncture group showed significant improvements in FFbH-R and SF-36 pain compared to routine care alone. The large sample size and broad inclusion criteria meant results were generalisable however groups were different at baseline and findings identified a degree of randomisation selection. [16] 52 participants with CLBP =6-months were randomised to 4-weeks of physiotherapy with daily 1-hour electro-acupuncture sessions (n=26) or standard physiotherapy (n=26). Outcome measures were pain (NRS-P) and function using the Aberdeen-LBP. There was a significant reduction in NRS-P and Aberdeen-LBP scores in the acupuncture group immediately after treatment and at 1 and 3-months follow-up. Methodological quality was limited by possible breach of blinding integrity due to lack of patient blinding and subjective outcome measures. DISCUSSION Acupuncture vs. no treatment Two high quality studies (11928 people) [5] and [15] found acupuncture more effective in short-term pain reduction and functional improvements than no (delayed) treatment. However both studies were weakened by insufficient blinding and participants were recruited from newspaper adverts [5] or an insurance company [15] limiting generalisability; both of which reduce results confidence. Acupuncture vs. sham Studies comparing acupuncture and sham acupuncture (2460 people) ([5], [6], [7], [11] and [13]) found both effective at reducing pain and increasing function compared to baseline measures; however no study found a clinically significant difference between groups With five methodologically sound trials all reporting similar results clinicians can have confidence in the effectiveness of acupuncture or sham-acupuncture in pain and functional improvements. However with no clinically significant difference between groups, placebo effect seems to be a substantial contributing factor. Acupuncture vs. usual care Five RCTs comparing acupuncture and usual care (12164 people) ([12], [13], [14], [15] and [16]) concluded that acupuncture was more effective at reducing pain. Increased function in the acupuncture group compared to control was reported in 1 RCT [12] at 6- and 9-weeks, [15] at 6-month and another [16] investigated effect immediately after treatment and 1- and 3-months follow-up; however 1 RCT [14] found no significant improvement in function in their longer-term study at 12 or 24-month. Unlike other papers reviewed, Thomas and colleagues used UK based participants who received treatments in private or GP clinics adding confidence to their conclusions when applied to the general UK population. From study findings clinicians can have confidence that the addition of acupuncture to their treatment of CLBP will be more effective than usual care alone. Acupuncture vs. deep and superficial trigger-point acupuncture One study ([8] 35 people) found greatest improvements in pain and function using deep trigger-point-acupuncture. However this study, while being methodologically thorough and having patient and assessor blinding, was limited by small size, high dropout (23%), short-term follow-up and possible centre bias leading to reduced clinical confidence. Acupuncture vs. TENS One RCT ([10] 60 people) found significant improvements using both TENS and acupuncture but no significant intergroup difference over 6-months. However, confidence in results are limited because participants also received usual care and exercise so may have improved regardless; furthermore the study had no therapists blinding, high noncompliance (23.3%), unexplained dropouts and no intention-to-treat analysis. Trigger-point acupuncture vs. sham In 1 cross-over trial ([9] 26 people) trigger-point acupuncture was found to be more effective than sham however small sample size, high attrition (23%), restricted to short-term follow-up and possible bias due to centre location (Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Meiji University of Oriental Medicine) limit confidence in findings. LIMITATIONS Studies were commonly limited by being unrepresentative: of the 12 studies 2 were UK based ([10], [14]), six restricted participants by age ([8], [9], [11] [12], [13], [14]), 2 used participant recruitment methods which may have introduced expectation bias (newspaper adverts, [5], insurance company [15]) and five had underpowered sample sizes or non-stated power calculations ([8], [9], [11], [12], [13]). Without representative sample groups the outcome measures cannot be applied to the general population with any reliability. Discrepancies were noted in treatment frequency with control group participants receiving less attention than intervention participants [16]. Blinding was inconsistent across studies: 1 study ([5]) blinded participants in the acupuncture groups but not the delayed group, 1 study ([6]) blinded participants only, four ([7], [8], [9], [13]) blinded assessors and participant, 1 ([10]) blinded assessors only, 1 ([11]) blinded assessors and participants but not acupuncturists, three ([12], [14], [15]) had no blinding and 1 ([16]) blinded assessors but not participants. CONCLUSIONS There is some evidence for the efficacy of acupuncture for CLBP; compared to no treatment there was short-term ([5] 8-week and [15] 3-month) pain reduction and functional improvements. Compared to sham therapy both showed similar improvements in pain and function at short-term ([5] 8-week, [6] 8-week, [11] 12-week and [13] 3-month) and mid-term ([5] 6-month and 1-year, [7] 6-month, [11] 9-month) follow-up but no significant difference was detected between groups. Compared to usual care acupuncture showed significant improvements in primary outcome measures at treatment, short- ([12]6- and 9-week, [13]3-month, [16]1- and 3-month) and long-term ([15]6-month, [14]1- and 2-year) follow-up. Compared to superficial and deep trigger-point all treatments showed improvements but none were significantly different from each other. Both acupuncture and TENS were found to produce long-term ([10] 6-month) improvements but no significant difference was found between interventions. Comparing trigger -point therapy to sham, trigger-point was found to be more effective although benefits were not sustained. There is evidence that acupuncture alongside other treatments relieves pain and increases function better than individual therapies alone. Further research needs to be conducted to determine treatment frequencies and sustainability of treatment effects. Effective sham treatments need to be developed to establish placebo effect compared to acupuncture and other therapy types. Additional Resources Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Morganstein D, Lipton R. (2003). Lost productive time and cost due to common pain conditions in the US workforce. JAMA;290(18):2443-2454. Maniadakis, N. and Gray, A. (2000) The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain, 84, 95-103. Koes BW, van Tulder MW and Thomas S (2006). Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. BMJ; 332, p1430-1434 Furlan AD, van Tulder M, Cherkin D, Tsukayama H, Lao L, Koes B, Berman B. (2005). Acupuncture and Dry-Needling for Low Back Pain: An Updated Systematic Review Within the Framework of the Cochrane Collaboration. Spine 2005;30:944-963 Reviewed Journals Brinkhaus B, Witt CM, Jena S, Linde K, Streng A, Wagenpfeil S, Irnich D, Walther HU, Melchart D, Willich SN. (2006) Acupuncture in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of internal medicine. 166: 450-457. Cherkin et al (2009) A randomized trial comparing acupuncture, simulated acupuncture, and usual care for chronic low back pain. Haake M, Muller H, Schade-Brittinger C, Basler HD, Schafer H, Maier C, Endres HG, Trampisch HJ, Molsberger A. (2007). German Acupuncture Trials (GERAC) for chronic low back pain- randomized, multicenter, blinded, parallel-group trial with 3 groups. Arch Intern Med. 167(17):1892-1898. Itoh E, Katsumi Y, Hirota S, Kitakoji H. (2006). Effects of trigger point acupuncture on chronic low back pain in elderly patients a sham-controlled randomised trial. Acupuncture in Medicine. 24(1):5-12 ItohK. Katsumi Y. Kitakoji H. Acupuncture in Medicine. (2004) Trigger point acupuncture treatment of chronic low back pain in elderly patients: a blinded RCT. 22(4):170-7, Kerr DP, Walsh DM, Baxter D. (2003) Acupuncture in the management of chronic low back pain: a blinded randomized controlled trial. The clinical journal of pain. 19: 364-370 Leibing E, Leonhardt U, Koster G, Goerlitz A, Rosenfeldt JA, Hilgers R, Ramadori G. (2001). Acupuncture treatment of chronic low-back pain a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial with 9-month follow-up. Pain 96 (2002) 189-196 Meng CF, Wang D, Ngeow J, Lao L, Peterson M, Paget S. (2003). Acupuncture for chronic lower back pain in older patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Rheumatology. 42:1508-1517 Molsberger AF, Mau J, Pawelec DB, Winkler J (2002). Does acupuncture improve the orthopedic management of chronic low back pain a randomized, blinded, controlled trial with3 months follow up. Pain 99 (2002) 579-587 Thomas KJ, MacPherson H, Thorpe L, Brazier J, Fitter M, Campbell M J , Roman M, Walters S J, Nicholl J. (2006). Randomised controlled trial of a short course of traditional acupuncture compared with usual care for persistent non-specific low back pain. British Medical Journal.doi:10.1136/bmj.38878.907361.7C Witt CM, Jena S, Selim D, Brinkhaus B, Reinhold T, Wruck K, Liecker B, Linde K, Wegscheider K, Willich SN. (2006). Pragmatic Randomized Trial Evaluating the Clinical and Economic Effectiveness of Acupuncture for Chronic Low Back Pain. American Journal of Epidemiology 2006;164:487-496 Yeung CKN, Leung MCP, Chow DHK. (2003). The Use of Electro-Acupuncture in Conjunction with Exercise for the Treatment of Chronic Low-Back Pain. The Journal Of Alternative And Complementary Medicine..2003:9:4:479-490

recommendation essay :: essays research papers fc

Dear NCAA Executive Committee,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My name is David Brown and I am the starting quarterback for the Nittany Lions here a Penn State University. I am writing to you on behalf of my fellow intercollegiate athletes, because I feel as though we are being used. Each year my Penn State teammates and I, as well as other high-profile college teams generate millions of dollars in revenue, yet we do not get paid for our services. Millions of dollars are made every year from food, drinks, tickets, and merchandise sales because of our strenuous work, not to mention the billions of dollars made from selling TV rights to our games to major networks. Intercollegiate sports are a big business in which the players are â€Å"slave laborers.† I am not suggesting that we be given an annual salary, but I feel that we should be given stipend or some financial assistance in addition to scholarship money. For the past few years many have argued that student-athletes should be thankful for their educational opportunities in college, including the cost of tuition, books, room and board (which would be around $17,000 here at Penn State). Many also argue that if we are paid for our performances, other college talents should be paid for their contributions to their schools. However, when one looks at the vast difference in the amounts of money that different groups bring in, it makes sense why we are resentful at the millions of dollars being made off of our sweat and tears. For instance my former teammate Larry Johnson put his heart and soul into playing for the past four years. His jerseys were sold for $50 each all year around, and he never saw a dime of that money. This is just one of the many examples of unfair compensation. Each year we are under enormous pressure to perform well in the classroom and in sports and I feel that if we were given a stipend it would help alleviate some of stress we go through. As college athletes we give up many freedoms. Going to parties, hanging out with friends, or relaxing is just a few of the activities that we are unable to take part in. One of the biggest freedoms we give up is being able to hold a part time job. Although the NCAA recently lifted the rule that stated â€Å"players are not allowed to hold jobs during their playing season,† it is nearly impossible for us to work.

Depilacion Masculina

Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico Recinto Bayamon Bienestar y Calidad de Vida La depilacion Masculina Alexander Rosa Rosa Y00224459 Bienestar y Calidad de Vida EGEF 3000 Prof. Carlos J. Santiago Bibiloni Introduccion La depilacion masculina es un tema que hoy puede abordarse sin problema, con total confianza. Cada vez son mas los hombres que acuden a este tipo de proceso ya sea por razones esteticas, higiene o deportivas. No obstante hay diferentes tipos de depilacion, entre ellas estan la depilacion con, ceras, electrica, cremas, cuchillas, pinzas, foto depilacion y laser que es mas famosa del siglo XXI. Siempre se debe consultar a su medico dermatologo para ver cual de las alternativas de depilacion es la mas segura para su piel. Segun el articulo â€Å"En boga la depilacion masculina†, de la Revista Contorno desde hace algun tiempo los hombres estan optando por deshacerse de el vello corporal y lo hacen sometiendose a la depilacion laser, esto por razones esteticas como higienicas. Los hombres que mas usan este servicio de depilacion son los ciclistas, nadadores, fisiculturistas, bailarines, modelos o cualquier hombre que le moleste el vello en exceso o el vello que le provoca mucha transpiracion. Segun una encuesta de la revista Men’s Fitness, â€Å"si los hombres pudieran cambiar una parte de sus cuerpos, el 54. 9% cambiaria sus foliculos capilares mas que sus musculos† (Clayton, 2008  ¶ 1). Las zonas que mas demandadas por los hombres para ser depiladas por laser son las siguientes (de mayor a menor importancia): zona inferior de la barba, espalda y hombros, torax y abdomen, entrecejo, orejas, manos, pomulos y otras mas como piernas, brazos, nalgas†¦ Como menciona este articulo, la depilacion laser es un tratamiento que se aplica de acuerdo el caso. Este procedimiento dirige el haz de una luz continua que actua por foto termolisis selectiva: se trata de una longitud de onda que atraviesa las capas superficiales de la piel y que es absorbida por la melanina (pigmento presente en todo tipo de vello salvo en las canas y el vello rubio), la cual al absorber la energia luminosa se calienta provocando la destruccion de la matriz del vello y del foliculo piloso. Es un metodo rapido y comodo que consigue una depilacion duradera y en muchos casos definitiva. Este tipo de depilacion es efectiva tanto para hombres como mujeres y se puede utilizar en casi todas las partes del cuerpo. Por ejemplo, no se puede realizar en la parte interna de la ceja, por ser poco seguro para el globo ocular. En las zonas en donde que se consiguen mejores resultados en los hombres son la espalda, el torax y la barba. Muchos varones se aplican varias sesiones de este tratamiento para perder densidad en su barba y no sufrir irritacion al afeitarse. Es importante que la depilacion laser en la barba se haga de forma cuidadosa. En cada sesion de laser el paciente pierde un porcentaje de vello que no vuelve a salir nunca, ahora bien, un varon joven mientras tiene sus niveles de hormonas masculinas alto, tiene un estimulo continuo de crecimiento de vello en las zonas androgenodependientes, entre ellas, la barba. En este caso, una vez finalizado el tratamiento, necesitaria sesiones de repaso cada cierto tiempo para poder mantenerse totalmente depilado en esa zona. Para mejores resultados de una depilacion laser es si se tienen la piel clara (con poca melanina) y pelo oscuro. ?Motivo? Porque la melanina es la que absorbe la energia luminica y se calienta. Asi, la piel se calienta poco y el vello mucho, que es lo que interesa. Si tienes la piel y los pelos oscuros o claros, o la piel oscura y el pelo claro, tampoco hay problema, pero hay que adoptar precauciones. Asi como es una buena solucion, tambien hay que tener en cuenta que no todo el mundo puede hacerse la misma por que podria causarle algun dano. Contra quien esta contraindicada esta manera de depilacion laser, a personas con Acne severo, soriasis activa, herpes simple activo, infeccion de cualquier tipo y fiebre, diabetes mellitas, epilepsia, condiciones que requieran tratamiento. Es importante que a la hora de elegir un centro de depilacion laser, hay que fijarse en la experiencia acumulada, utilizacion de equipos de ultima generacion, que sea un centro autorizado por sanidad y con profesionales medicos especializados en estetica. Opinion La depilacion masculina hasta hace algunos anos era algo del cual no se hablaba mucho y se categorizaba a las personas que lo hacian como personas gay. Desde que comenzo la moda del metrosexualismo hace algun tiempo se comenzo a ver que algunos iconos de la moda como actores, cantantes etc. omenzaron hacer este tipo de cosas que presentan a un hombre moderno y mas preocupado por su salud e higiene, entre estas opciones esta el que nos depilamos alguna parte del cuerpo de la cual nos pudiera causar alguna molestia, como la barba, axilas o piernas. En mi opinion no veo de malo que nosotros los hombres nos depilemos alguna parte de nuestro cuerpo ya que esto nos ayuda a mantener una mejor higiene y apariencia. Algunos ejemplos que tenemos de celebridades son Don Omar y Daddy Yankee que se depilan las cejas para que luzcan menos abundantes. Esto es opinion y es una decision personal de cada cual. Hoy en dia las mujeres se fijan mucho a este tipo de cosas, las cuales en estos ultimos tiempos a muchas de ellas les gusta tener a su lado una persona que mantenga una buena apariencia e higiene a traves de la depilacion a traves de cualquiera de sus alternativas. Referencias Revista Contorno. (2008, Verano). En boga la depilacion masculina. Recuperado el 20 de febrero de 2010 desde: http://revistacontorno. com/articles/depilacion. htm Rosa, E. (2009, 28 de abril). Auge en la depilacion masculina. Recuperado el 0 de febrero de 2010 desde: http://www. primerahora. com/diario/noticia/moda/vive a_tu_manera/auge_en_la_depilacion_masculina/293374 Clayton, V. (2008, Verano). Is Hairless More?. Recuperado el 21 de febrero 2010 desde: http://www. mensfitness. com/lifestyle/mens_grooming/33 Redaccion Mujer,(2005, 23 de junio) Diferentes tipos de Depilacion. Recuperado el 20 de febrero 2010 desde: http://mujer. orange. es/moda y_belleza /cuerpo_y mente/1270_1. html

How To Make a Model of the Lungs

How To Make a Model of the Lungs Constructing a lung model is an excellent way to learn about the respiratory system and how the lungs function. The lungs are respiratory organs that are vital to the breathing process and necessary to acquire life-giving oxygen. They provide a place for gas exchange between air from the outside environment and gases in the blood. Gas exchange occurs at lung alveoli (tiny air sacs), as carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. This oxygen is then delivered to the tissues and cells of the body by the circulatory system. Breathing is an involuntary process that is regulated by a region of the brain called the medulla oblongata. Building your own lung model will help you to gain a better understanding of how the lungs work! What You Need Scissors3 Large balloons2 Rubber bandsElectrical tapePlastic 2-liter bottleFlexible plastic tubing - 8 inchesY-shaped hose connector Heres How Gather together materials listed under the What You Need section above.Fit the plastic tubing into one of the openings of the hose connector. Use the tape to make an airtight seal around the area where the tubing and the hose connector meet.Place a balloon around each of the remaining 2 openings of the hose connector. Tightly wrap the rubber bands around the balloons where the balloons and hose connector meet. The seal should be airtight.Measure two inches from the bottom of the 2-liter bottle and cut the bottom off.Place the balloons and hose connector structure inside the bottle, threading the plastic tubing through the neck of the bottle.Use the tape to seal the opening where the plastic tubing goes through the narrow opening of the bottle at the neck. The seal should be airtight.Tie a knot at the end of the remaining balloon and cut the large part of the balloon in half horizontally.Using the balloon half with the knot, stretch the open end over the bottom of the bottle.Gently pu ll down on the balloon from the knot. This should cause air to flow into the balloons within your lung model. Release the balloon with the knot and watch as the air is expelled from your lung model. Tips When cutting the bottom of the bottle, make sure to cut it as smoothly as possible.When stretching the balloon over the bottom of the bottle, make sure it is not loose but fits tightly. Process Explained The purpose of assembling this lung model is to demonstrate what happens when we breathe. In this model, structures of the respiratory system are represented as follows: plastic bottle chest cavityplastic tubing tracheaY-shaped connector bronchiballoons inside bottle lungsballoon covering the bottom of bottle diaphragm The chest cavity is the body chamber (bounded by the spine, rib cage, and breast bone) that provides a protective environment for the lungs. The trachea, or windpipe, is a tube the extends from the larynx (voice box) down into the chest cavity, where it splits into two smaller tubes called bronchi. The trachea and bronchi function to provide a pathway for air to enter into and exit the lungs. Within the lungs, the air is directed into tiny air sacs (alveoli) that serve as the sites of gas exchange between the blood and external air. The breathing process (inhalation and exhalation) relies heavily on the muscular diaphragm, which separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and works to expand and contract the chest cavity. What Happens When I Pull Down on the Balloon? Pulling down on the balloon at the bottom of the bottle (step 9) illustrates what happens when the diaphragm contracts and the respiratory muscles move outward. Volume increases in the chest cavity (bottle), which lowers air pressure in the lungs (balloons inside the bottle). The decrease of pressure in the lungs causes air from the environment to be drawn through the trachea (plastic tubing) and bronchi (Y-shaped connector) into the lungs. In our model, the balloons within the bottle expand as they fill with air. What Happens When I Release the Balloon? Releasing the balloon at the bottom of the bottle (step 10) demonstrates what happens when the diaphragm relaxes. The volume within the chest cavity decreases, forcing air out of the lungs. In our lung model, the balloons within the bottle contract to their original state as the air within them is expelled.

Dawn Kills Animals

Dawn Kills Animals Proctor and Gamble tests on animals, they dont want to stop, but they want the public to think they are animal-friendly. Last night, I saw a very disturbing commercial for Dawn dishwashing liquid. The commercial claims that thousands of animals caught in oil spills have been saved by being washed in their dishwashing liquid. The video depicts a penguin, a duckling and an otter, all covered with oil, being bathed with their dishwashing liquid. In the before video, you can see how the duckling stumbles and struggles to walk. In tiny letters at the bottom of the screen, it says, simulated demonstration. This was not footage of an actual rescue. They intentionally covered at least three animals with tempera paint and corn syrup to simulate oil, just so they could wash them on camera. If Dawn really is used to wash oil off of animals, why couldnt they use footage of an actual rescue? The company then has the audacity to put up a website at DawnSavesWildlife.com, extolling their role in wildilfe rescue. Meanwhile, Proctor and Gamble, the parent corporation that owns Dawn, continues to test on animals and defends animal testing: We must conduct research involving animals to ensure materials are safe and effective. Not to be branded monsters, they have joined with The Humane Society of the United States in a partnership committed to the elimination of animal use for consumer product safety evaluation. Im guessing that this guarantees that HSUS will not target PG in any campaigns. PG, if you were really committed to the elimination of animal testing, you would stop it. Today. Now. Stop the lip service. Stop pretending. What you can do: Boycott Proctor Gamble products. Contact Proctor Gamble at 513-983-1100 or via email at comments.impg.com (Update: It appears that PG has now disabled this email address), to tell them you are boycotting all of their products until they stop testing on animals. Its not always easy to tell which brands are owned by PG and the list is always changing, so try to familiarize yourself with this list, from the official PG website. Dozens of brands are part of the PG corporation, including Dawn, Gillette, Cover Girl, Pampers, Tampax, Clairol, Febreeze, Tide, Mr. Clean, ​Crest and others. Iams and Eukanuba are also owned by PG and sponsor the Iditarod, so there are at least two reasons to boycott these two brands. Even better, boycott all companies that test on animals. Two apps available on iTunes make it easy to carry around a list of companies that dont test on animals. Cruelty-Free and BNB (short for Be Nice to Bunnies) are both compatible with the iPhone or the iPod touch. July 21, 2009 Update: I just spoke to Cory, a representative at PG, and told him that Im not swayed by the Dawn Saves Wildlife campaign, and if PG really cared about animals, they would stop animal testing. Cory was very nice and said that he would pass along my comment. He also said that PG is required by law to conduct animal testing. I told him that was not true. Federal law requires drugs to be tested on animals, but no law requires household products to be tested on animals. Cory said that the EPA requires new chemicals to be tested on animals. But thats not the same as requiring all household products to be tested on animals. A dishwashing liquid can be made using known, reliable ingredients, without creating new chemicals. There are lots of cruelty-free companies making the same types of cleaning products that PG makes, without animal testing. Our very civil conversation ended with my accepting Corys offer to send me a pamphlet about PGs animal testing, but turning down his of fer of coupons for PG products. Regardless of the certification from AHA, the animal rights position is that animals should not be used for entertainment or commercials, and should not be covered with paint or corn syrup. Correction, July 22, 2009: The original postincorrectly stated that during the filming of the commercial live animals were covered with oil. However, according to American Humane Association, the animals were covered with a mixture of tempera paint and corn syrup designed to simulate oil. The original post also suggested that animals may have been injured or killed during the filming of the commercial. American Humane Association was on set to supervise the filming of the commercial and certified that No animals were harmed during the taping.

Ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Ethnography - Essay Example Therefore, the degree to which there is a possibility of a researcher becoming a full participant within an experience is dependent partially on the features of the setting under observation. However, a number of ethnographers do not trust that understanding necessitates that they have to be full members of the group under study. In fact, the majority of them have the perception that this must not happen in instances where there is a need of producing a valid, as well as the useful report (Brewer 2000, p.119). These researchers suppose that the ethnographer must attempt being both outsider and insider, thereby remaining on the group's margins socially, as well as intellectually since there is a need for the view of both an outsider while also as an insider. Therefore, there is an emphasis that, apart from seeking to understand, the ethnographer should make an attempt at seeing familiar surrounding as anthropologically strange, the same way someone from another society would see it, t hereby adopting the Martian perspective.The initial yet most significant distinction amongst observational strategies is about the degree to which the observer happens to be a participant in the program activities under study. This is not an easy choice between participation, as well as nonparticipation. The degree of participation happens to be a continuum that varies from complete concentration in the program as a full participant to total separation from the activities under observation thereby assuming a role of a spectator.... of influential policymakers who are at the top, while generating latest analytic insights through the engagement of interactive, team study of often subtle grounds of human difference, along with similarity. Such findings give ethnographers the capability of informing other people of their findings while attempting to derive, for instance, policy decisions or instructional improvements from such a study (Brewer 2000, p.110). Variations within Observational Methods Observational research happens not to be a single thing; rather, the decision of employing field methods when gathering informational data happens to be the initial step within a decision process, which entails a vast number of options, as well as possibilities. When making a choice of employing field methods, this includes a commitment of getting close to the subject under observation with its natural setting, being factual and descriptive when reporting what gets observed, while, at the same time, finding out the viewpoin ts of participants within the domain observed. Once the researcher makes these basic commitments, it is essential to make more decisions concerning which specific observational approaches are suitable for the research setting at hand (Brewer 2000, p.114). Variation within Observer Involvement The initial yet most significant distinction amongst observational strategies is about the degree to which the observer happens to be a participant within the program activities under study. This is not an easy choice between participation, as well as nonparticipation. The degree of participation happens to be a continuum that varies from complete concentration in the program as a full participant to total separation from the activities under observation thereby assuming a role of a spectator. As a

Issues in Premarital Counseling Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Issues in Premarital Counseling - Term Paper Example This paper describes issues off human sexuality that the couple needs to discuss, a theoretical perspective to the issue, risk factors pertaining to health that might present from the scenario, and cultural competence issues. According to Crooks and Baur (2011), sexual arousal and orgasm are some of the important aspects of human sexuality that the couple needs to discuss. Through sexual practices, an individual is stimulated and psychosomatic adjustments and transformations take place. These transformations are well-defined while others occur slightly and are delicate. People engage themselves in sexual activities with the main aim of attaining orgasm. It is important for the couple to consider the fact that human sexuality involves certain behaviors and doings that is meant for stimulating the partner’s curiosity. Steve and Nadia have to discuss and comprehend the importance of implementing plans of actions as well as behavior particularly associations that stimulates curios ity. For instance, flirting, kissing, and stroking before sexual intercourse. Available sources posit that emotional factors concerns deep and passionate sentiments and feelings associated with sexual activity as well as attachments. There are biological aspects of human sexuality that the couple is ought to discuss. ... In some in some case, medical conditions such as testicular impairment may lead to loss of sexual curiosity and inability of the man to produce sperms. Biological, sexual activity is considered to involve the brain. Mental sanity and ensuring that your partner is happy will lead to a better sexual experience. These are some of the issues for consideration. Women on the other hand may experience low sexual curiosity or interest during menstruation. Elevated levels of hormones that elevate sexual curiosity levels may be present during ovulation period. Other biological aspects the couple should discuss include the issues of contraceptives, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. All these have an effect on human sexuality Michael, Steven, Yvonne & Gladue, 1994). Theoretical perspective Other than procreation and pleasure, sexual activity is a key factor in companionship. In getting engaged, both Steve and Nadia are seeking for companionship. There is a difference between love based on companions hip and love based on passion. According to Crooks and Baur (2011), â€Å"Compassionate love is a less intense emotion than passionate love. It is characterized by friendly affection and a deep attachment based on extensive familiarity with the loved one† (p. 183). In elucidation of this factor of love, a theorist by the name Robert Sternberg came up with a theory of love referred to as Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love. He came up with a number of postulations as he elaborated the reasons why people fall in love. This theory postulates that love is based infatuation, intimacy, and obligation. He asserted that infatuation is the driver of romance and the main contributor to stimulating sexual curiosity. Intimacy is regarded as the psychological aspect